Business performance, profitability and reorganisation Goya Food Company

Introduction Achieving exemplary performance, profitability and proper re-organization of activities in institutions requires effective management and leadership skills. This is essential since effective management and leadership skills are integral elements that hold the capacity of driving or impeding business performance in various facets of operation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business performance, profitability and reorganisation: Goya Food Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This explains why institutions that are founded under visionary and performance ideals should adopt effective management techniques. This is vital in ensuring that the execution of various activities is in accordance with the best business practices to enhance profitability. They should integrate lean administration strategy to facilitate optimization of resources and enhancement of quality in the production chain. This is c ritical for institutions such as Goya Food Corporation that seeks to gain competitive advantage especially in the current competitive world. Optimization of resources and reduction of wastes is paramount in facilitating production of items especially foodstuffs or services that conform to standards. This is a management concept that helps in ensuring adequate satisfaction of consumer’s needs. Indeed, this report adopts Goya Food Company that focuses its potentials in storing and selling of food items to various calibers of consumers as the corporation under study. The company has grown from a small food outlet to a renowned supplier of foodstuffs to various destinations in the world. Its performance has been remarkable over the years due to its flexible operating policies and effective management. However, the company is currently facing some challenges that may impede its expansion and growth plans. The challenges that range from logistical, policy and structural complicatio ns requires proper re-organization or re-strategizing. Therefore, its managers have an obligation to develop vibrant and viable operating policies to drive its performance. The policies must be favorable and conventional in nature to motivate stakeholders to enhance their production capacity. They should also re-organize and develop viable working guidelines and effective service delivery procedures. This is vital in ensuring holistic adoption of new ways of coordinating activities, allocation of resources, control and organization of activities. This will ensure that resource allocation is executed in a proper manner and assessment of the production process is done perfectly. It will also ensure that realistic, measurable, attainable and specific goals are set to aid the execution of the new projects.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company’s brief overview, its core business and product portfolios Goya Foods Company founded by Prudencio Unanue in 1936 is the largest family owned company in U.S offering quality food items. The company specializes in varying products such as grocery, dairy products together with frozen goods among others. Apart from that, the company is responsible of maintaining many manufacturing and distribution facilities in different regions including Puerto Rico and Spain (Theodore, 2003, P. 31). The supply chain in America has 6 factories and 14 distribution centers, with more than 400 vendors. The supply chain manages to distribute 1, 600 Latin products that including rice, beans, frozen foods and beverages. Interestingly, the company has a direct delivery store which ensures that customers within metropolitan regions receive orders that match their ethnic needs. This has been successful as evident by the positive remarks that customers are able to relay pertaining to the convenient nature with which they receive se rvices. Furthermore, the company has more than 1000 sales representatives with the aim of collecting orders from different stores and ensuring that they deliver them on time (Theodore, 2003, P. 32). The goal of the company is to attain 98% service level provided at the shelf, without up surging the inventory. This is imperative because the company believes that through increasing its services, it will be in a better position of increasing the organizational sales. In addition to its shorter life products, the company introduced canned products to support in selling longer life products. The two strategies have played a vital role in the aggressive growth of the company. Furthermore, the company aimed at increasing its total sales, thus prompting its reorganization and implementation of different strategies, which included a workable demand planning and fulfillment capabilities (Theodore, 2003, P. 32). Surprisingly, the company has been able to attain its major goals of 98% service l evel, without enhancing its inventory. Additionally, it has acquired efficient buyers, who supported it in increasing the number of short-life items. The significant operating units of the company include Goya Foods of South Jersey, New York, Spain, Florida and Texas among others. However, the core competitors of the company include Ruiz Food Products Inc., GrupoJumex S.A and C $ F Foods Inc..Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business performance, profitability and reorganisation: Goya Food Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors that promote performance in the company Prudencio Unanue founded Goya Foods Company in 1936 in Puerto Rico then moved it to New York, where he was playing a role of a food broker for products from Spain. Currently, Goya Foods is the biggest food company in U.S that provides Hispanic, African, British and carnelian food items (Theodore, 2003, P. 33). The company has been able to increase its performance because of the following factors. Initially, it implemented a television campaign in English language, with the aim of increasing its market share through diverting the taste of Americans to their products. For example, it came up with different advertisements with significant intentions of encouraging people to eat healthy. Additionally, the company ensures that it retains its customer base by encouraging sales representatives to wear suits and ties daily. The company’s sales representatives also feed customer orders in the company’s data processing system. This is imperative because it facilitates automatic updates on information pertaining to consumer needs and preferences. This ensures accurate delivery of services and products to consumers who expect quality at all levels of operation. Moreover, supermarkets also play a significant role in the virtuous performance of Goya Foods because they display the company’s products appropriat ely thus familiarizing them to many people (Theodore, 2003, P. 33). Remarkably, the fact that Goya is a direct store delivery company has enabled it to perform well. This is because the company ensures that it delivers its products in metropolitan areas, while keeping in mind that the orders match with ethnic needs of clients. Furthermore, the company has more than 1000 sales representatives, who visit different stores to pick orders, thus delivering the needed orders in time. The company has ensured good performance through communicating its expectations to employees and insisting on their personal accountability. This is essential because it has encouraged all Goya employees to understand their respective contribution to enhancing value addition and successfulness of the company.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In ensuring this, the company’s management ensures that it conducts regular staff meetings, to review their proceedings, and determine whether employees are meeting organizational goals. As well, the staff meetings act as follow-up to the pending projects, and this support implementation of effective solutions (Burrows, 2006, P. 111). The company also monitors and evaluates job performance of employees after every 6 months, which plays a significant role in its good performance and profitability. This is a vital process in Goya Foods because it enables employees to identify areas that they need to improve, and decide whether training can enhance performance. Employees at Goya Foods conduct self-evaluation with intentions of identifying achievements and the problems hindering them from attaining organizational goals. Apart from that, Goya Foods has a fair system that acknowledges merit. The company ensures this by noticing and appreciating the work of every employee through of fering bonuses, excellence certificates, elevations and compliments among others. Goya offers mentorship and coaching programs to employees so that they can realize the role-played by the organization in ensuring that the performance of the company improves. Notably, the company has quality management body, which ensures that its relationship with employees rely on trust, and it encompass employees in the decision making process within the organization (Burrows, 2006, P. 111). The company also has quality employees, who believe in teamwork thus collaborating in attaining organizational goals. Finally, the company has been successful because of its continuous improvement and innovation styles that enable it to apply modern services, which increases its customer base. The company’s SWOT analysis SWOT is an acronym that refers to organizational internal Strength and Weaknesses together with the environmental opportunities and threats affecting it. SWOT analysis is a vital proces s in an organization because it supports managers in implementing a faster overview of different situations affecting them. However, it is imperative for them to focus on maximizing their strengths and opportunities while minimizing weaknesses and threats, in order to increase their performance (Burrows, 2006, P. 113). Therefore, the following is a SWOT analysis for Goya Foods Company. Initially, the strength of the company is that it has a strong brand portfolio, which enables it to maintain its current customers while attracting new ones. The company has diversified its business in different parts of America enabling it to increase on total sales. The diversification is also imperative because it supports it in sustaining competitive strength. Furthermore, the company has valuable business brand, applies modern technology and draws much attention on customer satisfaction enabling it to emerge successful in the highly competitive environment. The company has a driven visionary mana gement, positive perception towards the public and meets the consumer preference on top of being convenient (Burrows, 2006, P. 114). Notably, the company has some weaknesses, which include the fact that it operates in manufacturing plants dealing with dairies, bakeries, beverages and meat plants thus increasing the risks of food contamination. This is disadvantageous to the company because contamination is likely to damage its brand and affect its total profits negatively. Conversely, the company has the following opportunities. The different expansions that the company has been undertaking are beneficial since they offer dependable future opportunities. The company provides convenience foods to the American population, thus being in a better position of mimicking the success of America’s food industry. There is also an increase in demand for private labeled products, thus increasing the company’s sales. The consumer demand is also growing; it is benchmarking other com panies together with the opportunity of diversity and changing consumer preferences for ethnic foods. The company also encounters some threats including the competition of price in the market, decreased demand for canned products, unfavorable regulations and a slowing economy dominated with high inflation likely to affect the price of foods. Finally, it is possible that consumers who are cost conscious are likely to shift their buying habits to less expensive foods. The company’s administrative system and performance strategies Indeed, Goya food Inc is a renowned corporation that has recorded tremendous growth since its inception due to its effective management. The food store has been administered under quality ideals and strategies that are performance oriented. The strategies have ensured proper policy formulation, allocation of resources and coordination of activities. The strategies have also promoted teamwork, marketing, customer segmentation and identification of viabl e distribution channels (Smith, 2007, p. 59). These elements have enabled the company to satisfy the needs of its customers who range from Africans, British, Hispania’s and Caribbean’s effectively. They have also ensured timely delivery of services and products to consumers. As noted, the company’s strengths that include teamwork, quality service delivery and proper planning has enabled it to cut a niche for itself in the competitive operating environment. In particular, teamwork has enabled the company to gain competitive advantage and record high standard of performance since the arrangement has promoted the establishment and adoption of innovative ideas of service delivery. It has facilitated the integration of more conventional operating techniques that are set with strong performance orientation based on creativity. This has also helped in advancing the performance level of the company financially. The company’s financial analysis and the factors tha t contributed to its financial stability It is imperative to note that, Goya Food Company has been recording an upward trend in terms of financial performance over the years. This is evident in all its business portfolios that have always been able to record significant improvement in sales and returns on investment. The business portfolios that focus in providing African food items, British, Caribbean and Hispania foodstuffs have been significant contributors to its sound financial capacity (Smith, 2007, p. 59). This is factual as recorded in the company’s financial statements and reports that show its yearly performance. The reports justify the company’s steady growth since 1981 when it reported an immense increase in asset base and cash inflows. In the year, the company’s financial income stood at $150million up from $115millio in the previous year. This showed a remarkable growth of more than $35million that can only be achieved in corporations that operate under clear policies and performance guidelines. This indicates that the company started to inculcate a culture of proper allocation and utilization of resources with an aim to maximize on proceeds or eliminate wastage in ancient days. As established, key product portfolios contributed significantly in the realization of the figure presented. Firstly, British food portfolio that focuses in providing foodstuffs such as rice, beans, sauces and canned meals accounted for 20% of the total growth that was realized. Variably, African and Hispanic portfolios that focus in providing African red-palm oil, Malta, mango paste, canned vegetables, meat soup, meat stew and cheese accounted for 60% of the total income. Caribbean portfolio that provides seasoning foodstuff such as spices, canned meat, cheese and herbs also accounted for 20% of the total income (Smith, 2007, p. 62). This statistical findings show how these portfolios and business units that have over 9300 clients including 1200 sale smen were instrumental in enhancing the company’s financial performance. Since then the company has continued to report positive performance levels where in 1993, its income capacity rose to $400million with a strong employee base of 2500 individuals. In 1995, the company’s performance rose steadily to $500millio. This was evident due to its expanded business units, product portfolios and quality of its products that attracted more customers including repeat purchasing. During the year, the company expanded its production chain and streamlined the distribution system as a performance strategy to boost sales of food items (Smith, 2007, p. 63).The strategy adopted translated into the growth where its business units also contributed significantly. Consequently, the company recorded a performance index of $750million in the year 2003. The performance index included $31million in profit alone after necessary deductions were done. This trend has continued up to date as the c ompany still reports positive growth financially and in physical asset. Currently, the company is seeking to expand its production center to enable it meet the needs of its growing customers. This has seen the company embark on developing or construction a modern manufacturing facility that holds the capacity of storing and producing large quantities of food items. It also seeks to expand its international presence by opening branches in various locations and nations to ease distribution of items. Variably, it seeks to build strong strategic alliances with credible institutions in diverse nations to expand its market share (Smith, 2007, p. 67). These initiatives will enable the company to grow with speed and achieve the highest level of competitiveness that will guarantee the realization of its objective of becoming a market leader. The company’s good performance and financial capacity is also depicted in its financial ratios. The ratios that include current ratio, liquidity, acid test, earnings per share and asset turnover ratios report positive growth over the years. The upward trend in terms of profitability that the company has been recording is attributable to various factors that range from administrative to logistical aspects. Firstly, the company has been operating under lean concept of administration. The administrative style that emphasizes on waste minimization and effective utilization of resources has enabled the company to achieve optimal gains. This is apparent since the concept has been fostering value addition by ensuring that all the requisite processing procedures of food items are adhered to effectively. This has ensured production of quality items that matches consumer needs and expectations thereby improving sales. Secondly, the company has had a strong supply and distribution chain or network. The competitive tool has enabled it to distribute its items to consumer’s real time and in a systematic manner that guarantees produ cts availability. The company has also been able to record exemplary profit margins since it understands the purchasing patterns of its customers effectively. This has been enabling sales department to plan and distribute products to areas where there is demand to reduce wastage of resources especially delivery cost. Fourthly, the company’s financial department has been able to plan, allocate and distribute resources to various departments appropriately. Its managers have been using priority based cost allocation concept that is widely recognized as a credible financial management concept (Smith, 2007, p. 69). It has been instrumental in promoting accountability in all business portfolios by ensuring that there are no cash wastages or misappropriations. This has been a key driver of the company’s performance since financial misappropriation has been impeding performance in most corporations (Smith, 2007, p. 69). Its current performance levels and future expansion plans Goya Foods Company has been performing well since it started. In 2010, the company’s revenue reached $810 million and 891 in 2011. However, the revenue of the company continues to increase because it has been introducing new products such as frozen bread pudding, Caribbean style rice mixes and salsas among others. The company has also introduced other distribution facilities in different parts of the state including Webster, Massachusetts and New Jersey. Additionally, the company focuses on its expansion enabling it to transfer its Seville manufacturing facility to Gillette on a 550, 000 square foot plant. Additionally, the company plans to set up new centers in Richmond, Virginia and Houston, Texas, which highly contributed to its successfulness. Notably, Goya Foods Company has been in a position to increase on its production and performance because of opening up dissimilar centers in varying regions within the state (Burrows, 2006, P. 112- 113). Challenges that the company faces and how it can reorganize to counter their effects Notably, the company’s performance is under threat due to the emerging environmental and structural complications. The complications require the company to re-organize its operating systems by adopting more conventional approaches of service delivery. This is essential in ensuring that it maintains its performance levels and customer satisfaction (Smith, 2007, p. 71). Indeed, the company faces cracks in its inventory control process for its key product lines such as the supply of beans. This may cut the supply flow of its major products in the near future if proper mitigating measures are not undertaken. The company has also failed to respond with speed to align the production of Mexican food items with its initial product portfolios it introduced in 1977. The company also faces substantive product management challenges that threaten to impede the introduction of its new line of production of soft drinks that it seeks to roll out. This is an issue since the initiative has elicited some resistance from key stakeholders who view the incorporation of the new product line as an improper diversionary venture. These challenges may present severe implications to the company’s performance levels if they are not addressed professionally. Therefore, the company’s management must re-organize the institutions operating strategies and plans. In particular, the management should restructure the processing system and create more processing centers to facilitate smooth manufacturing of soft drinks. They should also facilitate personnel training on issues and procedures that appertain to fruit production to enable them adjust amicably. This is essential in making staff members to be receptive to the idea and participate in its execution with at most diligence. Conclusion Indeed, Goya Foods Company has been performing well since it started its operations. It remains the largest family owned Hispanic Food Company in U.S, with six factories in America and fourteen distribution centers. The company has more than 400 vendors and deals with more than 1,600 Latin products. It has been able to record high performance levels due to its exemplary management and leadership. It has also been able to attain its high profitability status due to proper utilization of resources and effective cost management. List of References Burrows, K. 2006, â€Å"A Growing Market; After Decades of Experience in the Industry, Goya Foods Says It Relies on the Expertise and the Dedication of Its Employees to Truly Understand the Needs of Its Customers,† US Business Review, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 111-14. Smith, F 2007, The Oxford companion to American Food and Drink, Oxford University Press, New York. Theodore, S 2003, â€Å"Goya’s Authentic Approach; Hispanic Food Company Stays Relevant with Core Market While Enticing General Population,† Beverage Industry, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 31-34. This report on Business performance, profitability and reorganisation: Goya Food Company was written and submitted by user Graysen Floyd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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How to Get Your CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island

How to Get Your CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island This article is useful for anyone who wants to get a CDL in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. PennsylvaniaIn Pennsylvania, you must have a CDL to operate:Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001+ pounds, if  the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than  10,000 poundsA vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver)A school bus designed to transport 11+ passengers (including the drive)Any size vehicle requiring hazardous material placards or carrying material listed as a select agent or toxinIn order to obtain a CDL, you must take a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestAll applicants must pass a knowledge test required for the class of license, restriction, and endorsements they wish to possess. A general knowledge te st for the Class, a or Class B and C license must be successfully completed by all CDL applicants.You  must wait 15 days after passing the knowledge test to take the skills test.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.After passing your knowledge and skills tests, you will be given  a camera card to  take to any PennDOT Photo License Center. There, you will have your picture taken and be  issued your CDL after paying all  licensing fees.Rhode IslandYou must have a CDL to operate:Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA combination vehicle with a GCWR of 26,001+ pounds, if  the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than  10,000 poundsA vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver)Any size vehicle requiring  hazardous material placards or carrying material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR part 73.In order to obtain a CDL, you must take a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestYou must take one or more knowledge tests depending the license  class and endorsements you need.All applicants must take the general knowledge test, taken by all applicants.All bus driver applicants must take the passenger transport test.If you want to drive a school bus, you must pass the school bus test.If driving a  vehicle with air brakes, including air over hydraulic brakes,   you must take the air brakes test.If you want to drive combination vehicles, you must take the combination vehicles test.If you want to haul hazardous materials as defined in 49 CFR 383.5, you must take  the hazardous materials test. You must also pass a background check.If  you want to haul any liquid or gaseous materials in tank(s)  with an  individual rated capacity of 119+ gallons and an aggregate r ated capacity of 1,000+ gallons, you must take the tank vehicle test.If you want to pull double or triple trailers, you must take  he doubles/triples test.After you pass your required knowledge tests, you must then take your CDL skills tests.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.When you arrive for these tests, you must present your Rhode Island driver’s license and your CDL permit (obtained after passing the appropriate knowledge tests).

Free Essays on Explication- MY Papas Waltz

â€Å"battered† and â€Å"death† to make the tone of the poem sad (3,10). The father seemed to have gotten into a fight while being drunk, and his wife is mad at him. The small boy did not want to go to bed because he was still clinging to his father’s shirt (16).... Free Essays on Explication- MY Papas Waltz Free Essays on Explication- MY Papas Waltz Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is a fixed form poem of sixteen lines. Roethke created the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef, ghgh. Roethke uses this rhyme scheme to make it sound as if the poem is a waltz. The rhyme scheme gives the poem a beat. Each stanza is made up of four lines, which the first and third lines rhyme, and the second and fourth lines rhyme. The poem, in first person point of view, describes a small boy who is dancing with his drunken father in the kitchen. The small boy’s mother is upset with the father (7-8). The images in the poem include the boy’s father stumbling around, and the small boy thinks he and his father are dancing. Another image the poem leaves is the father’s hands â€Å"battered on one knuckle† and â€Å"caked hard by dirt†(10,14). This leaves an image of a hard workingman, and the mother is angry. The final image in the poem is where his drunken father is putting the small boy to bed. Roethke uses a simile in the poem comparing how the boy was being dragged around while the boy thought he was dancing (3). The waltz is an overall extended metaphor. The small boy believes he is dancing, but his father is really dragging him around. The tone of the poem is sad. Roethke uses the words â€Å"battered† and â€Å"death† to make the tone of the poem sad (3,10). The father seemed to have gotten into a fight while being drunk, and his wife is mad at him. The small boy did not want to go to bed because he was still clinging to his father’s shirt (16)....

Find out more about writing clear SOAP notes

Find out more about writing clear SOAP notes The How-To for Soap Note Writing The SOAP note is a document in the medical sphere, which contains all details of a patients medication. The title means Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plans. It is very important to control the accuracy of adequate treatment and in several situations to confirm the patient has got proper drugs and services. Its main goal is to help in standardization for medical cases. Description of SOAP Elements There are 4 main parts of this document according to its title: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plans. Here are the meanings of each paragraph: Subjective is a text written according to oral information provided by the patient. He explains his problem, symptoms, feelings, etc.; The objective includes the scientific researches and observation of his problem. Here should be all information that can help to investigate the reasons for disease and prescribe proper treatment; Assessment is a part of the different concepts of the patient. In addition, there must be the results of consultation with therapist according to previous findings in patients analyses and medical research; Plans mean the final actions for the patient to make him recover. Thanks to such a prescription, he will become healthy as soon as possible. Origin of SOAP The first notes about SOAP belong to 1960s. Exactly at that time, Dr. Lawrence Weed, who was a member of the University of Vermont, created the first SOAP document. During his professional experience, Dr. Lawrence always said that his invention must be very helpful in the problem-oriented medical record. And frankly speaking, this statement is absolutely true. All medical specialists will agree that SOAP notes are vitally important for all kinds of medical institutions. Besides, they usually have the template to help all colleagues to organize medical information for their sake. Besides, other establishments with another type of SOAP note may have difficulties with identifying the data in such documents. It means that nevertheless impressive usage of SOAP notes, the medical staff may have both advantages and disadvantages. Lets take a look and determine all the pros and cons of using SOAP. Advantages of SOAP Notes So such a job with SOAP notes brings lots of advantages for medical officers and patients. Its main goal is to make a uniform way to collect and organize all medical information of every single patient. Besides, this document helps not only to find the proper way of medical records standardization but also allows understanding the patients needs and most proper treatment for his case. Besides, the SOAP note is written using a special language so-called medical terms and abbreviations. Such an approach allows making the general base of words to improve the communications between medical officers. They can do it in the quickest and clearest manner. Disadvantages of SOAP Notes It is said such document usually includes numerous abbreviations. Medical workers are professionals and understand most of such terms. But people without medical knowledge or even education will have no opportunity to use it. But understand it is okay for such specific writing. Doctors in physiotherapy tent to consider this document to be very poor and limited. They insist that there are no full how-to for making SOAP notes more functional. Such an issue sometimes means more serious problems with reaching functional tasks. But lets be honest with each other in this situation. The SOAP notes include only 4 elements to make sense. If we try to increase its length and tasks, we will get a quite complicated file with numerous issues in its understanding. In any case, you can find out more about how to create a SOAP if you need it. Here is the professional guidance in making such text. How to Prepare a SOAP Note Now you know that medical documents are very important for doctors, patients, and other people in and outside this field. When you need health care, you require the best services, and the SOAP notes will be a part of its improvement. But due to numerous reasons, we can still face situations of ignoring SOAP rules. If we expect to make our best in the medical sphere, we have no right to miss any important detail. Thats why writing such document has minimum requirements to set staff free from the annoying job. Lets hope it will help to support the role of SOAP notes. There is no requirement in length and other things in writing SOAP texts. The content is much important for medical workers and patients than in the format. Thats why the first task for a writer is to control the quality of the text. Mistakes and misprints are not allowed. In any commercial or academic writing, even one mistake can ruin the general impression from content and cause serious problems. When it goes about writing SOAP notes, you are holding someone elses life in your hands. So be attentive and professional in your writing. Main Rules Thanks to recommendations of the American Physical Therapy Association, we have exact guidance of the SOAP notes content. It should include the following data: the full self-report of your patient (he must express all feeling and symptoms of current condition); the description of all interventions; the details of the equipment which was previously used; the response of your patient on each stage of medical research and treatment; the full descriptions of all issues, negative reactions, feelings, and complications (including patients complaint); main reasons why the intervention was changed; the list of reached goals; the details of communication (to estimate its quality for the future). As a professional medical officer, you must remember that your SOAP notes may someday be used by another doctor. For example, when you are still holding the case of this patient, you may require other specialists consultations. Or when your patient had already recovered and is going to require medical care in the future. Such factors make you ensure yourself that you properly write your SOAP notes and do not let any mistake to happen. In the previous paragraphs, we have already shortly described the main elements of SOAP notes. Lets have an in-depth look in writing the Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plans. This guide will help you make informative text. How to Write a Subjective Part Writing this part starts with a close conversation with your patient. He must speak, and your task is to note. Let him share all feelings, problems, symptoms, and family history. Each thing may be important in the diagnostic field. Besides, sometimes not only patient participates in such conversation, but also his or her family members. In your text, you can use abbreviations or direct quotes. The main goal is to document the patients impressions of his condition. Thats why you can use suggestive questions to help him share each detail. But try to avoid closed questions which can give you a short answer yes or no. Such a conversation will be uninformative. Also, try not to judge the patient because he may be a little wiggly because of his feelings. Here are the main parts of your Subjective paragraph: the complaint; the painful feelings; description of how he got injury; the anamnesis (medical history of a patient). The Subjective part of SOAP notes is very important. It allows the doctor to make further conclusions. How to Write an Objective Part This part requires the writer to share all details from the medical side. It includes such tools as frequency, duration, amount, and used instrument. Also, notice in your SOAP note all kinds of patients reactions to the mentioned above methods. The Objective block usually consists of such elements: vision, circulation, range of motion, palpation, muscular test, additional experiments. Be very attentive to all reactions and actions while examining your patient. Also, remember the following rules: Highlight all special tests if you use them; Identify the possible injury to have more options on the next stage; Get as more details from your medical tools as you can; Prefer exact type of motion (active, passive, etc.) instead of general types. How to write an Assessment Part This part includes the professional point of view and final thoughts of the medical expert. He must share his ideas according to all findings which were gathered before. Besides clear conclusion, the doctor must explain why he makes such a conclusion, it means that all interventions must be based on rational facts and evidence. Besides writing an assessment, the writer must forecast negative consequences, terms of treatment. The positive response must also be there. Here is further information in making Assessment: Give the full description of each issue; Avoid general phrases which can twist your Plans and SOAP notes in general; Never make vague conclusions. After you are finished with your Assessment, you must keep writing SOAP note with the final paragraph called Plans. How to Write Plans As you have already understood, this is no unimportant part of SOAP notes. But Plans has much more meaning because it is the last element in the document. This part of SOAP is dedicated to the patients treatment, which may be described in different kinds from medication to urgent surgery. The doctor is obligated to include in the Plans, both short-term and long-term recommendations. For instance, short-term advice is to take pills. This is one of the most spread ways of treatment. Among the long-term analysis, you can find changing the lifestyle, etc. In addition, you can to the Plan block the expected results. It may be helpful for the future to analyze the advantages of exact treatment. To make the best Plans for SOAP notes, you should also remember: Your pieces of advice in the plan must be a daily basis; You are not allowed to give only general recommendations; Make sure that the upcoming plan is also added. The Best Tips in Making SOAP Note There is lots of information about the meaning and writing such documents. Try to use the following recommendations if you aspire to make the most informative: Make your SOAP notes simple and easy-to-understand. Remember that not only you but also other people should have an opportunity to read and use its information; Write your text straight according to the well-known sample in the medical field. Such an approach helps to keep the proper structure, tone of voice, and other standardized elements of notes; Add only fair and relevant information about the patients treatment. This is a golden rule which has no exceptions; Use only those word combinations and abbreviations which are proper for medical workers. It is a professional and humanistic way to do your job; Fill information right after you get it and never miss an important detail. Dont postpone your writing so you will describe your case fully and responsibly. Besides such recommendations remember these additional notes. You should always keep your writing away from: Using fake data about the patient and his treatment. Using terms and word combinations which are not relevant to well-known medical vocabulary. Include undefined and vague information. Make SOAP too long or too short. Infringe previously accepted SOAP note template. Use the following help and create high-quality documents in the medical sphere! If you need any help, you can ask us for a consultation. Feel free to get professional support in SOAP notes writing. Example of a SOAP Note To start writing the best SOAP, the author should see several good examples. We recommend you to get real notes and analyze them according to your experience before making your own text. You can also ask your teacher to give your SOAP notes with mistakes so you can find and fix them. Such homework will be best to check your knowledge and skills in making SOAP documents. In any case, such close acquaintance with SOAP notes will help you to improve your medical and writing skills. Save this article and share it with your colleagues to make a general contribution to health care department development. So SOAP is professional writing among medical specialists since the 1960s. This document has much more advantages and several small disadvantages, but the medical sphere does really require it. Both patients and doctors will get only benefits from such professional text.

Why Do managers plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why Do managers plan - Research Paper Example Planning is done by all individuals in their personal and profesional lives. If one doesnt plan, then there are high chances that things may move in a haphazard way. A project has several stages of planning which contributes overall importance towards the organization. Managers concentrate on the time spent on conducting effective planning that can be a source to save time and income. This practice is helpful in preventing problems that can potentially happen ("A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge",  2013). Who is a Manager? A manager’s responsibility is to direct the work of groups or individuals in order to combine their efforts in order to achieve necessary objectives. A manager can disseminate the work through direct or indirect passage of workers or subordinates. Work needs to be delegated to the subordinates according to the level of exeprtise of each subordinate. The manager should be well aware of the employee's ability for proper delegation of tasks. The manager needs to be familiar with the supervising abilities and should have the potential to coordinate the work process while taking corrective measures for the benefit of the company. A manager doesn't need to be a perfect human being who is ideal in all the skills, but he needs to perform efficiently enough to complete projects successfully (A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge,  2013). The manager needs to be well aware of the mission and vision statement of the organization and accordingly it is the manager's duty to ensure that all the subordinates are clear on the mission and vision and also are clear on the path to be taken to achieve the mission. Hence, managers are in a better position to plan the path and ensure that all the employees follow the planned path to achieve the goals and objectives for the firm. With a proper planning and execution phase, the organization is able to prosper towards success and profitability. A well set out plab allows the employees to constantly review the milestones achieved and the elements that still remain to be achieved. Tasks this way tend to work out in a smooth and consitent flow. A manager has to perform various functions and roles depending upon the context he/she is working. For instance, an accounting manager directs the accounts function and coordinates smooth communication. Similarly , a manager working in the Design Engineering department needs to support his staff to perform the necessary roles to achieve the best design and engineering of the product (Belker,  2012). A marketing manager may have to plan out the goals and objectives of the marketing department and accordingly devise the appropriate marketing strategies to achieve the set goals and objective. Each functional manager may have to plan out the work process so that things work smoothly and in the right direction. All the functional managers may have to sit in a meeting and discuss on the larger perspective, and this way with proper cooperation and coordination the firm is able to achieve the desired level of success. There are so many ways that proves planning to be a crucial and effective element towards the success of any organization. A manager should not conduct the planning on his own, but he must make sure that all the concerned employees and staff is involved so that better decisions can be made. In this way many new ideas can be achieved which will be an asset for the manager to ponder and take decisions accordingly. However, without a successful execution of the decision and without considering all the important potential risks towards planning, it can create serious issue and

Taxation and Representation Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Taxation and Representation Debate - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the British parliament in imposing taxes on colonies and plantations argues that these dominions â€Å"have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain† and that the â€Å"King's Majesty of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain†. As such, colonists have no power to vote or pass any resolutions or question the British Parliament’s actions. The colonists do not refute the fact that they are subordinate to British parliament and just like British residents, they owe allegiance to the Crown but they also have the same rights as natural born of Britain owing to the fact that their ancestors were born there (First Continental Congress). As such, they ought to have equal representation in parliame nt as the Britons. However, this is not the case as they have no representation in the parliament and hence are not bound by decisions of that parliament. Governments are given consent by the people to defend their lives, liberty, and property and according to Adams â€Å"it is the community to assess pay† for such service (Adams, The Rights of Colonists). Since the whole community cannot be in the Assembly, it is their representatives to air their opinions. But the colonists are not represented in British parliament hence do not give consent personally or through their representatives thus are not supposed to be taxed. As for the British argument that parliament represents all British possessions, this may be true but experience has proved that the same parliament does not safeguard their rights or property. Henry Patrick in his article Give me Liberty or Give me Death in 1775 argues that they have tried all the means necessary (petitions, demonstrations, supplications) to h ave parliament listen and act on their pleas to no avail. Instead, navies and armies are placed in the colonies to force them to submit.

The Proofs of the Existence of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 119

The Proofs of the Existence of God - Essay Example Humanity has searched for the discovery of the nature of God for a long time since the conscious living. It is important to realize, whether people have any reason to believe in God's existence – or His absence. Faith widely does not incorporate reasoning. It looks like that these two areas of human perception lie in the parallel layers if reality and, thusly, do not cross. How does the concept of God’s foreknowledge correspond the concept of human freedom? There are also debated represented widely on the topics around the creationism and evolution. There is the question, what is the real role of the God in the creation of the universe and was He actually the one, who forced all this to start from the beginning of times? Â  One of the brilliant approaches was proposed by one of the greatest figures in the fields of philosophy, mathematics, and physics – Blaise Pascal. He is a genius of French origin, who invented the first mechanical adding machine. He also was one of the developers (together with Fermat), of modern probability theory. He was a genius indeed, as he invented his basic theorem of projective geometry at the age of 16 only. All the before-mentioned aimed to ensure the credibility and authority of the weight of his argument from probability for believing in God’s existence (Hacking). His approach is absolutely practical. It simply claims that the expected utility of belief in the existence of God far outreaches the expected utility of the absence of belief in God. Defining what he meant by that, it is important to know that he was a brilliant mathematician and his approach is absolutely logical and well-structured.

Ethnography interviewing Parents who encourage their children to play Research Paper

Ethnography interviewing Parents who encourage their children to play aggressive sports - Research Paper Example Several parents are in favor of having their children play aggressive sports. One mother that was interviewed gave her side of the story. According to parent Sandra Hemingway (personal communication, August 8, 2011), she allows her 12-year-old daughter to participate in kickboxing because she believes it not only allows her to â€Å"learn valuable self-defense techniques,† but also because she thinks it is wonderful exercise for a young, growing girl. Another parent felt that having his child play an aggressive sport was a rite of passage, and part of his cultural heritage. According to parent Mark Garcia (personal communication, August 8, 2011), he allows his 14-year-old son to participate in soccer because it is a team-oriented sport which has cultural ties to his native homeland of Mexico. It seems that parents are definitely models for how aggressively participants of certain sports can act. According to Dunlap (2005), â€Å"Parents, coaches, teammates, and sport heroes often model support for aggressive styles of play†¦Ideally, childrens participation in sports should be fun, contribute to physical development, teach skills, [and] help develop social skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 38). Social skills are important for younger children. Research seems to suggest that, the more aggressive a contact sport is, the weaker the moral fibers of the child participating in the sport. This also suggests that the parents of these children are also going to have scored lower on moral reasoning tests. According to Hughes (2009), â€Å"People who have the greatest interest in highly aggressive contact sports or have participated in them for the longest amounts of time tend to score lower on tests of moral reasoning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 49). Parents have actually been proven to be more prone to ‘sports rage,’ especially because of their children being involved in aggressive sports events. According to â€Å"New Law Upgrades ‘Sports Rage’ Penalty† (2002), â€Å"[L]awmakers cited

GIS design and technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

GIS design and technology - Essay Example The paper tells that Geographical Information System (GIS) was created with the ability to assemble, analyze, manipulate, update, store and display information which has been geographically referenced according to the location of the data. For it to function it requires a vast amount of data hence making the projects which use GIS very expensive. Its data originate from images of satellites, maps, GPS data from survey an all other instruments which can attribute data. Before the development of Internet GIS large amount of data of different field like road networks, sewer lines, telecommunication lines and natural resources were useless as they were available in large unorganized states which makes them hard to retrieve and analyze. The creation of GIS solved this problem hence the organization of GIS databases which had all the information needed. Elangovan attributes GIS development is to different disciplines like databases, computer science, computer mapping, Computer Aided Design , remote sensing, geography, Cartography and many more. Different discipline had different functions in the GIS. Databases is used to store, manipulate and retrieval of the data. Computer mapping is used to create maps in the computer while the remote sensing is used to take satellite images. Through the combination of these and other disciplines the GIS emerged a super field which is very helpful. The development of GIS can be generally grouped into four stages of development according to Elangovan (2006, p.10). Between 1960 and 1975 there was introduction of the GIS concept. Due to this fact only few people used in mainframe computers. In between 1973 and early 1980s though many experiment and practice were done, there was little information as individuals were the one doing the research hence duplication of work. There was development of many GIS software between 1982 and late 1990s. This improved the growth of GIS. The last stage is between 1990 and 2000. In this stage there was standardization of the GIS due to the easy availability of software both for ensuring user friendliness and for a platform for working. After 2000 GIS had multi use like virtual reality, mobile mapping and web based GIS. Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1965 was successful in the creation of processing of graphic data through computer aid. This fastened the development of GIS. Agencies in USA, Canada and the UK started using the GIS for the processing of large data amounts. The first to use GIS was the Canada government. The Canadian government used the GIS for management of land and other resources. The US government used the GIS for Geographical Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) which is used to analyze data on the use of land and land cover. In 1970s the Swedish bank on land data used the GIS to make the registration of land and properties automatic. After the development of Geographical Information Mapping and Management System (GIMMS) by the University of Minnesota , in 1963, there was publishing of the Atlas of Britain through the use of information in the GIS. It was printed by the Bickmore and his team of cartography. In 1970 there was publishing of the first multicolour map in Britain. The production of commercial GIS was done by the Harvard Graphic labs in 1970. There was also creation of many cartographic packages like GIMMS, GRID, GEOMAP and MAP. Between 1970s and 1980s there was development of many GIS packages. In 1975 after the first academic meeting about GIS in the UK there was release of the

Effective communication Essay Example for Free

Effective communication Essay Understand the principles of developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Explain why effective communication is important in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Effective and good communication is paramount when working with children, young people and adults within a school environment. Maintaining an honest, positive and supportive attitude at all times will help to develop strong relationships and build trust, e.g if a child lacks in confidence and isn’t a good communicator, by having a supportive, caring and positive approach towards them it may then encourage them to confide in you if they have things that concern them. When we communicate we must make sure the person we are talking to feels at ease, using positive body language like nodding, having happy facial expressions and using the right tone to our voice as verbal and non-verbal skills are very important in creating the right impressions. Adults communicating positively with other adults is key to teaching children how they should communicate with each other, as young children will copy adults so you must show them what is acceptable in building positive relationships. Read more:  Reasons for communication  essay If good communication is established between the child, staff and parent/carer then a parent/carer would be more likely to offer support to the school, which will in turn create a positive environment for the child. If you communicate well with other staff members then this will show other adults that you can discuss concerns about a particular child or offer input into lesson planning. Good communication does not happen by chance it is something that needs to be thought about as if communication breaks down or there is a misunderstanding this can lead to ill feeling as the slightest facial expression could be be misunderstood. A key skill to a good communicator is to listen to other peoples views and respect them, even if they are different to yours and work as a team trying to ensure it is a positive environment.

Methods Of Montage In Battleship Potemkin Film Studies Essay

Methods Of Montage In Battleship Potemkin Film Studies Essay I am a huge movie buff. I anticipate big blockbuster hits and save up the money for the admission at the movie theater. Film strips are made up of still frames that when projected at an average of twenty-four frames a second gives the illusion of movement and continuity. Many films use different elements in their frames whether it is between shots or within them. This is an example of Montage. In this paper I will attempt to discuss montage, the film Battleship Potemkin, analyze Eisensteins methods of montage he used for the film, and come up with an idea as to how to transform this historical piece on to theater stage. Montage is the joining together of different elements of film in a variety of ways, between shots, within them, between sequences, within these. During the 1920s Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein, who is considered the father of montage, created five methods to montage. These methods are metric, rhythmic, tonal, overtonal, and intellectual montage. With these methods Eisenstein was able to change the way a scene was brought to life in film. Metric montage is when pieces are joined together according to their lengths, in a formula-scheme corresponding to a measure of music. Realization is in repetition of these measures. Tension is obtained by the effect of mechanical acceleration by shortening the pieces while preserving the original proportions of the formula (Eisenstein Leyda pg73). When cutting to the next shot, no matter what was happening to the next image, it was used to bring out the most basal and emotional reactions from the audience. With rhythmic montage the length of the pieces, the content with in the frame is a factor possessing equal rights to consideration. Abstract determination of the piece-lengths gives away to a flexible relationship of the actual lengths (Eisenstein Leyda pg74). With this type of montage, it is based on timing of the visual composition of the shots to induce a more complex meaning than with metric montage. In tonal montage the movement is perceived in a wider sense. The concept embraces all effects of the montage piece. Here montage is based on the characteristics of emotional sound of the piece-of its dominant (Eisenstein Leyda pg75). Just like metric montage the shot is used to make a reaction to the audience. Only difference is that tonal montage uses shots that have emotion. Overtonal montage is an accumulation of the previous three montages. And give the audience an even more abstract and complicated reaction. Overtonal montage steps up the impression from a melodically emotional coloring to a directly psychological perception (Eisenstein Leyda pg78). The last is intellectual montage. This method of montage is sounds and overtones of an intellectual sort: i.e., conflict-juxtaposition of accompanying intellectual affects (Eisenstein Leyda pg82). With these shots combined you get an intellectual image. It starts out in act I, named Men and Maggots, it is June of 1905, and the armored battle ship Potemkin is near Odessa on the Black Sea returning after Russias defeat in the Russo-Japanese war. There are many sailors that are sleeping in their hammocks. A petty officer walks in checking on therm. One of the sailors that are sleeping with a shoulder and arm hanging outside his hammock is in the way of the officer who is trying to get through. When the officer cannot get through he reacts by whipping the young man. Some of the other sailors wake up this act. In the morning, the ships cook has displayed large pieces of meat outside the ships kitchen. The sailors saw this meat hanging and began talking and pointing to the meat and calling others to look. An officer on a railing higher up notices the sailors around the meat and the sailors start to complain to him that the meat is rotten. The officer calls the ships doctor, who goes down to check out the meat. The ships doctor after looki ng carefully at the meat says that the meat is not rotten it has no worms, only maggots that can be washed out with brine. The cooks prepare to serve a meal on table tops that hang from ropes in the ceiling. Large steel bowls are placed on the tables and soup is the only food that is being served. Some sailors do not eat the soup. Later it is shown a sailor is in the kitchen washing dishes after the meal. One dish had an inscription that read Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread. The sailor washing the dish hold it for a moment, read it again, and then smashes it. The sailors who were on wash duty walks off from their work stations. In the next scene of we see a lot of sailors at the ships commissary buying many cans of food. One of the higher ranking officers notices this and continues walking by. One point talking on one of the decks below, sailor Vakulinshuk says the treatment on the boat was worse than being a POW in a Japanese camp. Other sailor talked about the overall treatment. In Act II named Drama at the Harbour, it is all hands on deck as Captain Golikov comes up from a trap entrance to discipline the men that did not eat the soup. He says that there will be no disobedience or strike or that he will hang everyone in the ship if it is. Then the captain asks who ever at the soup with the rotten meat to step under the cannons to show their loyalty. All but a group of fifteen shows their loyalty. The captain decides that he wants to kill the fifteen for not eating the soup. The group tries to escape but the other officers step in their way. The captain throws a tarpaulin over them, making it easier for the other sailors to shoot the fifteen sailors. When the Captain gives the order to shoot, seaman Vakulinchuk stops the firing squad from executing the other sailors. Vakulinchuck gives a speech encouraging the shipmates to stand up and rebel against those who oppress them which would be the officers of the ship. While this is going on the captain is repeating the firing order but it is not carried out. Vakulinchuk and the other shipmates get together and turn on the officers. There is a chase after the officers and when caught they are thrown overboard, the doctor as well. The ships priest appears and plays possum when he gets pushed down the stairs pretending to be dead. Before being thrown overboard, one of the officers is able to grab a gun and shoots Vakulinchuk. Vakulinchuk falls from a high point of a ship on to a tackle and then tumbles into the water. The shipmates shout that Vakulinchuk has gone overboard and a couple of sailors jump in to save but it is too late as his body is brought back on the ship. Vakulinchuks death bonds the shipmates together. In Act III, A Dead Man Calls for Justice, The Potemkin is under the control of the sailor s and they dock at the port of Odessa. Vakulinchuks body is taken to the shore and laid under a tent that is set up on the pier. Vakulinchuk is holding a candle with a sign on his chest reading KILLED FOR A BOWL OF SOUP. There is talk amongst the people in the local area in small groups about Vakulinchuk. An obnoxious member of the bourgeoisie heckles a woman protester. During another heated discussion someone in the crowd says kill the Jews! But the majority of the citizens of Odessa get riled up and decided to destroy the oppressors and help the sailors who rebelled on the Potemkin. Large numbers of the citizens bring food to the battleship to support the crew. In Act IV, The Odessa Staircase, after they given the sailors quality food, many of the townspeople have gathered along the long and wide flight of stairs overlooking the harbor leading down towards the piers. In good moral, shouting encouragements towards the ship. All ages of men, women, and children of all ages have come to see what is going on. Then out of nowhere, troops in white tunics show up at the top of the stairs slowly marching down the steps. People start to scramble as the soldiers began their assault on the innocent men, women, the elderly, and children. Countless people scramble down the steps to get to the side. Some elderly people hide behind walls as the soldiers continue to slaughter the people fleeing. A woman who carried her dead sons body in her arms walks up to the soldier s telling them that her son is very ill expecting to let her pass. A second later people look in fear as she is gunned downed. People step over others who have fallen, dead or alive. We even see the soldiers stepping on a small child. One woman had a bullet shot through one lens in her glasses. Another victim included in this massacre was a mother who was pushing a baby in a carriage. As she falls dead, she hits the carriage on the way down to the ground. The carriage starts to make its way down the steps as onlooker watch the carriage travel untouched. Then soldiers on horseback arrive at the bottom of the steps to finish the innocent off. In the final act, ACT V:The Rendezvous with a Squadron, The sailors who have taken over the Potemkin mend their battle stations and turn their guns on the buildings that might have held Tsarist soldiers but by then the massacre on the stairs is over leaving only the soldiers standing. The sailors of Potemkin then sail out to sea to avoid an attack from the shore when suddenly a squadron of warships has a course headed straight toward the Potemkin to take it back. The crew of the Potemkin expected this and some mend sentry duty. Other sailors of the Potemkin try to sleep. They are soon woken up and mend battle stations as multiple ships are sighted far away on the horizon. As the ships get close, the Potemkin send a sort of morse code to the other ships crews to treat them as brothers. Potemkins cannons, despite being outnumbered, are aimed at the other ships as in an attempt at one last hurrah. But when the ships get into range, the ships allowed the Potemkin to pass through. The cre w of the Potemkin celebrates and they come on deck waving at the others ships, as they do the same, when the ships cross in opposite direction. As I was watching Battleship Potemkin, I thought about how I could transfer this film on to the stage and the first thing that came to mind was how you (as in you Joseph) and Lucius set up Vertigo. From a technical stand point, I would use only a limited amount of technology if space was limited to me. If I was to put this play in swain, I would use the projectors to display and identify what scene the actors were in on the back curtain.

The Blood Theme In Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

Shakespeare's classic play MacBeth is the story of a young and ambitious noble, MacBeth and his wife, Lady MacBeth living in 11th century Scotland. When MacBeth is told by three witches that he will become King of Scotland, his mind begins to wander. He considers killing the current king, Duncan, but he soon dismisses the thought from his mind. When Lady MacBeth hears of the witch's prophecies, she urges him to take fate into his own hands and kill the king. With her help, he commits this treasonous act and becomes King. This one murder is only the beginning as the couple strives to protect their power and maintain their innocence. Both characters fail to take into account the vast guilt that comes with their sinful actions. Shakespeare manifests this guilt in the images of blood and disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Duncan makes the fatal decision of paying an overnight visit to MacBeth's castle. With lady MacBeth's coaxing MacBeth agrees to drug the grooms and murder Duncan. However, Lady MacBeth must go back after the initial killing and frame the sleeping grooms for the murder. Both MacBeth and his wife's hands now carry the blood of the late king, Duncan. 'A little water clears us of this deed,'; is Lady MacBeth's response to this situation. She thinks washing the blood off their hands will also wash the guilt off their minds. Nothing so complicated is ever that easy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lady MacBeth soon learns that guilt is heavier than water. She is...

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Essays -- A Level Essays

Hamlet, the Melancholy One      Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet features the most famous protagonist in English literature – Hamlet. Inseparable from his character is the melancholy which permanently afflicted him. This essay concerns itself with this aspect of Hamlet.    Harry Levin explains the choices open to the melancholy hero in the General Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare:    The explanation of Hamlet, â€Å"What a piece of work is a man!† (II.ii.303), carries an ironic reverberation. His melancholy gaze looks up and down: skyward toward â€Å"this brave o’erhanging firmament† and earthward toward the grave. Those two portraits which he shows to the Queen illustrate man’s potentialities for good and for evil. The scale ascends or descends with the spiritual and carnal aspects of his dual nature; he can aspire to be a godlike Hyperion or else can grovel like a brutal satyr. Hamlet’s existential dilemma echoes the self-interrogations of Montaigne, not merely through the language of John Florio’s translation but in its ambiguous balance between scepticism and faith.(8)    Hamlet’s melancholy did not prevent his choosing the more noble of the options available. But let’s begin at the start: It is obvious that from the very outset of this tragedy there is a melancholic protagonist. And the depressing aspect of the initial imagery of the drama tend to underline and reinforce Hamlet’s melancholy. Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes some of this imagery of the opening scene:    The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes t... ...Greenhaven Press, 1996. Excerpted from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware Press, 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.   

Industrial Attachment

| | | About Us  |  HREA News  |  E-Learning | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Study Guides | | | Home > Learning Centre > Study Guides > Persons with disabilities | | | | | | | | | Human rights of persons with disabilities| | | | | | Introduction Rights at Stake International and Regional Instruments of Protection and Promotion National Protection and Service Agencies Advocacy, Educational and Training Materials Other ResourcesIntroductionDisability and persons with disabilities Persons with disabilities are entitled to exercise their civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights on an equal basis with others.Disability â€Å"summarizes a great number of different functional limitations occurring in any population in any country of the world. People may be disabled by physical, intellectual or sensory impairment, medical conditions or mental illness. Such impairments, conditions or illnesses may be permanent or transitory in nature. † (Standard Rules on the Eq ualization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities). Different expressions are used when referring to persons with disabilities. For example, the term â€Å"differently-abled persons† indicates that disability is not perceived as a deviation from the norm.The term â€Å"disabled persons† might be misinterpreted to imply that the ability of the individual to function as a person has been disabled. This guide uses the term â€Å"persons with disabilities†, which is consistent with the language used by the United Nations (UN). The UN estimates that there are 500 million persons with disabilities in the world today. This number is increasing every year due to factors such as war and destruction, unhealthy living conditions, or the absence of knowledge about disability, its causes, prevention and treatment.The majority of persons with disabilities live in less developed countries where people lack access to essential services such as health care. Moreover, the re exists a clear relationship between poverty and disability. The risk of impairment is greater for a family that lives in poverty, while and at the same time, a disabled family member places higher demands on the family's resources. Among persons with disabilities, the following form particularly vulnerable groups that face discrimination based on two grounds: women, children, elders, victims of torture, refugees and displaced persons, and migrant workers.For instance, women with a disability are discriminated against because of their gender and also because of their disability. Development of disability policy The work of the UN constitutes the most important actions taken by an international organization in the area of disability. Based on the International Bill of Rights, the UN formulated the first specific document regarding disabilities in 1971 in the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons. Important other documents followed but none of them are legally bindi ng.The 1980s mark the main phase of activity regarding establishing international norms pertaining to persons with disabilities. In 1981, the General Assembly declared the first International Year of Disabled Persons. It was followed by the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons in 1982 and the Decade of Disabled Persons 1983-1992. Throughout the 1990s all UN conferences dealt with disability rights and addressed the need for protective instruments (World Conference on Human Rights 1993, Fourth World Conference on Women 1995, Habitat II 1996).At present, the Ad Hoc Committee on Disabilities is involved in a process to create a convention that protects disabled persons on an international level. A high level of awareness is also demonstrated by the European Union, the year 2003 was declared as the European Year of People with Disabilities. Other important regional observances include the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002), the African Decade of Di sabled People (2000-2009), and the Arab Decade of Disabled Persons (2003-2012). Back to Top] Rights at StakePersons with disabilities suffer from discrimination based on society's prejudice and ignorance. In addition, they often do not enjoy the same opportunities as other people because of the lack of access to essential services. International human rights law determines that every person has:1. The right of equality before law 2. The right to non discrimination 3. The right to equal opportunity 4. The right to independent living 5. The right to full integration 6.The right to securityPolicy regarding disabilities is often dominated by the notion of â€Å"equalization of opportunities†, which means that society must employ its resources in such a way that every individual, including persons with disabilities, has an equal opportunity to participate in society. [Back to Top]   International and Regional Instruments for Protection and PromotionInternational legal instrument s take the form of a treaty (also called agreement, convention, or protocol) that binds the contracting states to the negotiated terms.When negotiations are completed, the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive and is â€Å"signed† by the representatives of states. A state can agree to be bound to a treaty in various ways. The most common are ratification or accession. A new treaty is ratified by those states that have negotiated the instrument. A state that has not participated in the negotiations may, at a later stage, accede to the treaty. The treaty enters into force, or becomes valid, when a pre-determined number of states have ratified or acceded to the treaty.When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, that state may make reservations to one or more articles of the treaty, unless reservations are prohibited by the treaty. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at any time. In some countries, international treaties take precedence over national la w; in others a specific law may be required to give a ratified international treaty the force of a national law. Practically all states that have ratified or acceded to an international treaty must issue decrees, change existing laws, or introduce new legislation in order for the treaty to be fully effective on the national territory.The binding treaties can be used to force governments to respect the treaty provisions that are relevant for the human rights of persons with disabilities. The non-binding instruments, such as declarations and resolutions, can be used in relevant situations to embarrass governments by negative public exposure; governments who care about their international image may consequently adapt their policies. The following international instruments protect the rights of persons with disabilities.They mainly focus on protecting disabled persons from discrimination and creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society:UNITED NATIONSUniversal Declarat ion of Human Rights (1948) (article 3, 21, 23, 25) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948 and provides human rights standards accepted by all member states. The UDHR represents the normative basis that led to formulating the standards concerning persons with disabilities that exist today.In Article 25 (1) the UDHR specifically mentions the socio-economic rights of people with disabilities: the right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age. Article 7 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection by the law for all people, including against discrimination. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) (article 26) This treaty lists several rights that are relevant to disability.Article 26 states that all people are equal befo re the law and have the right to equal protection of the law. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) (article 2) The Covenant does not explicit refer to disability. However, disability can be included under â€Å"other status† in article 2 (2), which calls for non-discrimination on any grounds such as race and color, and â€Å"other status†. To more fully elaborate on the strategies for implementation of the rights set forth in the International Covenant onEconomic Social and Cultural Rights, the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights — the monitoring body of the Covenant — issued:General Comment 5 (1994) This General Comment by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights formulates obligations of states to eliminate discrimination of persons with disabilities in the areas of equal rights for men and women (â€Å"double discrimination†) (article 3 of the ICESCR), work (ICESCR articles 6-8), social security (article 9), protection of the family (article 10), adequate standard of living (article 11), right to physical and mental health (article 12), right to education (articles 13 and 14) and the right to take part in cultural life and enjoy the benefits of scientific progress (article 15). Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971) This declaration was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly and states that: â€Å"The mentally retarded person has, to the maximum degree of feasibility, the same rights as other human beings. â€Å"Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) This declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly is the first international document that tried to define the term â€Å"disability. † The Declaration includes a number of social and economic rights as well as civil and political rights.Declaration on the Rights of Deaf-Blind Persons (1979) Article 1 of the Declaration states that â€Å"†¦every deaf-blind person is entitled to enjoy the universal rights that are guaranteed to all people by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the rights provided for all disabled persons by the Declaration of the Rights of Disabled Persons. â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (1979) (article 3) The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, usually abbreviated as CEDAW, does not include any specific article on disability rights, but aims to protect the rights of all women, whether disabled or not. Disabled women face double discrimination based on their gender and secondly, on their disability.In General Recommendation 18 the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the monitoring body of the CEDAW convention, stresses that disabled women suffer from double discrimination and are a particularly vulnerable group. It recommends that governments provide information on disabled women in their period reports and on special measures th at governments have taken to ensure that women with disabilities â€Å"have equal access to education and employment, health services and social security, and to ensure that they can participate in all areas of social and cultural life. â€Å"A major outcome of the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981) was the formulation of the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (WPA) (1982).The WPA is a global strategy to enhance disability prevention, rehabilitation and equalization of opportunities, which pertains to full participation of persons with disabilities in social life and national development. The WPA also emphasizes the need to approach disability from a human rights perspective. Convention (No. 159) concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) (1983) This treaty of the International Labour Organization (ILO), a UN specialized agency, obligates states to â€Å"formulate, implement and periodically review a national policy on voc ational rehabilitation and employment of disabled persons† (article 2).This treaty also emphasizes the principle of equal opportunity: â€Å"positive measures aimed at effective equality of opportunity and treatment between disabled workers and other workers shall not be regarded as discriminating against other workers† (article 4). Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (article 2, 6, 12, 23, 28) This treaty lists disability as one of the grounds discrimination is prohibited on (article 2). In addition, article 23 directly addresses the rights of children with disabilities stating that disabled children are entitled to a â€Å"full and decent life† of dignity and participation in the community. Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illnesses and the Improvement of Mental Health Care (1991) This document adopted by the UN General Assembly sets detailed standards for the protection of persons with mental disabilities.It emphasizes that all per sons have the right to the best available mental health care and that persons with a mental illness shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Individuals with mental disabilities also have the right to protection from economic, sexual and other forms of exploitation, physical or other abuse and degrading treatment. The Principles stipulate that there shall be no discrimination on the grounds of mental illness and that persons with a mental illness shall have the right to exercise all civil, political. In case a person lacks legal capacity due to his or her mental illness any decisions related to the well-being of this person shall be made only after a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by domestic law.Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993) Adopted by the General Assembly in 1993 in the aftermath of the Decade of Disabled Persons, the Standard Rules do not c onstitute a legally binding document for member states. However the Standard Rules are the most comprehensive set of human rights standards regarding disability police to date and represent â€Å"a strong moral and political commitment of Governments to take action to attain equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. † The document addresses preconditions for equal participation, target areas of equal participation, implementation measures and monitoring mechanisms.Implementation of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities are monitored by the UN Special Rapporteur on Disability. The first Special Rapporteur, Bengt Lindqvist (Sweden), was appointed in 1994, and his mandate was renewed twice, in 1997 and 2000. In 2003, Sheikha Hessa Khalifa bin al-Thani (Qatar) was appointed as the Special Rapporteur. Beijing Declaration on the Rights of People with Disabilities (2000) This declaration was adopted at the World NGO Summit on Disability and calls for a higher standard of living, equal participation and the elimination of discriminatory attitudes and practices. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2007) This treaty was recently adopted and enters into force in May 2008. Back to Top] AFRICAN UNION (FORMERLY ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, OAU)African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981) (article 18) The Charter contains article 18 (4) which states that disabled persons have the right to special measures of protection and article 16 (1) provides that every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health. COUNCIL OF EUROPEThe Council of Europe is a regional intergovernmental organization consisting of 45 countries. It aims to defend human rights, parliamentary democracy and the rule of law. All members of the European Union also belong to the Council of Europe.The Council of Europe has not adopted any specific human rights tre aty on persons with disabilities, but created two important treaties that include the protection of disabilities rights:European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) (article 5) Article 5 of the Convention states that the right to liberty and security can be infringed upon on grounds of mental disability: â€Å"No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: [†¦ ] the lawful detention of persons for the prevention of the spreading of infectious diseases, of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics or drug addicts or vagrants. European Social Charter (1961) (article 15) The Charter works as the counterpart to the Convention addressing social and economic rights, such as the right to work, or the right to social security. The Charter was the first human rights treaty to explicitly mention disability. In addition the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has adop ted several recommendations about policies regarding persons with disabilities:Recommendation (818) on the Situation of the Mentally Ill (1977) This document outlines recommendations regarding the protection of mentally ill persons in court, and the legislation rules on the confinement of mentally ill persons.Recommendation (1185) on Rehabilitation Policies for the Disabled (1992) This recommendation urges member states to ensure active participation in society and equal opportunities for disabled persons. Recommendation No. R(92)6 on a Coherent Policy for the Rehabilitation of People with Disabilities (1992) This instrument recognizes the rights of disabled persons to be different and focuses on the right to independent living and full integration into society. EUROPEAN UNIONThe European Parliament has adopted several resolutions referring specifically to the protection of disability rights. The Resolution on the human rights of disabled people (1995) urges the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union, to take steps to ensure equal opportunities for disabled persons.The Resolution on threats to the right to life of disabled persons (1996) seeks to protect the right to life and states that the European Parliament is â€Å"opposed to the practice of the active killing by doctors of patients in a persistent vegetative state and disabled new-born children. † Finally, the Resolution on the Commission's communication on equality of opportunity for people with disabilities (1997) recognizes that â€Å"there are 37 million disabled people in the European Union who do not enjoy full civil and human rights† and reminds member states of their responsibility to implement disability protection laws on the national level. In December 2000, the Council of Ministers of the European Union adopted a (binding) general Framework Directive on equal treatment in employment prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination on the grounds of religio n or belief, age, disability or sexual orientation.The Framework Directive is binding upon the current member states, while candidate member states are required to have completed national implementation of the Directive before joining the EU. ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)American Convention on Human Rights (1969) (article 24) The Convention does not explicitly address the subject of disability, but contains the classical human rights guarantees. For example, Article 24 states the right to equal protection. Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador) (1988) (article 18) This treaty specifically that persons with disabilities are entitled to receive special attention in order to achieve the greatest possible development of his or her personality.It also obliges governments to implement special measures to facilitate the full integration of persons with disabilities. Inter-America n Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Persons With Disabilities (1999) This Convention aims to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against disabled persons and to promote their full integration into society. [Back to Top]  National Protection and Service AgenciesSeveral countries such as the Australia, India, the United Kingdom and the USA have passed and implemented national anti-discrimination laws, guaranteeing full participation in society by persons with disabilities. In Australia, the Disability Discrimination Act was passed in 1992.The objectives of the Act are â€Å"to eliminate, as far as possible, discrimination against persons on the ground of disability in the areas of: work, accommodation, education, access to premises, clubs and sport; and the provision of goods, facilities, services and land; and existing laws; and the administration of Commonwealth laws and programs; and to ensure, as far as practicable, that persons with disabilities have the same rights to equality before the law as the rest of the community; and to promote recognition and acceptance within the community of the principle that persons with disabilities have the same fundamental rights as the rest of the community. † In India, two national instruments were passed, the Rehabilitation Council of India Bill and the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act. In the United Kingdom, the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 aims to end the discrimination which many persons with disabilities face.The Act enumerates rights in the areas of employment, access to goods, facilities and services and buying or renting land or property. In the United States, civil rights law regarding persons with disabilities is based on a number of laws among which the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the most important one. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in emp loyment, state and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications. Examples of further national legislation are the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Rehabilitation Act. Back to Top] Advocacy, Educational and Training MaterialsFor advocatesGuide to Disability Rights (and dealing with the system) This guide provides practical information on employment, free medication, social security benefits, special education, and tax benefits. Training Materials for Lawyers and NGOs on the European Convention on Human Rights and the rights of people with mental health problems and/or developmental disabilities (Mental Disability Advocacy Center, Budapest, 2002). This training manual was written for lawyers and NGOs attending training seminars organised by the Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) and partner NGOs during 2002.The materials are intended to provide insight into the European Convention on Human Rights and mental disability in Central and Eastern Europe. The goal of this manual is to provide an initial look into the human and civil rights of people with mental health and/or developmental disabilities in this region. Subsequently definitions of mental health problems and developmental disabilities are given here along with relevant articles of the European Convention on Human Rights and case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture. For teachersTen messages about children with disabilities (UNICEF) Practical tips for to help children with disabilities learn in a safe and equitable environment.The Disabled: â€Å"Making Our Own Charter† (by Richard Pierre Claude in: Popular Education for Human Rights: 24 Participatory Exercises for Facilitators and Teachers, HREA, 2000) This is a highly participatory and can be adapted to diverse settings and cultures. At the conclu sion of this exercise participants should be able to identify some of the special needs of persons with disabilities; justify identifying the needs and rights of the disabled in the form of a brief Preamble to a Charter for the Disabled; identify a series of human rights of the disabled that specifically reflect their needs and are not inconsistent with existing broader international and national rights standards; and adopt a plan of action to ensure that disable people learn about their human rights. [Back to Top]   Other ResourcesDisabled Persons and Human Rights European Year of People with Disabilities (2003)International Day of Disabled Persons Organisations advocating for and educating about the rights of persons with disabilities  Ã‚  | | | back to top| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Also available in:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Subscribe| | | | | | | | | Enter your email address to subscribe to HREA mailing lists. | | RSS Feeds| | | | | | | | | | | Related e-learning course| | | | | | The Rights of Persons with Disabilities| | | | | | | | | | Key terms| | | | | | Disability – a physical, mental, or sensory impairment, permanent or temporary, that limits the capacity to perform one or more essential activities of daily life | |Handicap – the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others. It describes the encounter between the persons with a disability and the environment. | | Rehabilitation – the process to enable disabled persons â€Å"to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric and/or social functional levels†| | | | | | | | | | | â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights† Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1| | | | | | | | | | Some facts| | | | | | – in most countries, 1 out of 10 persons has a disability | | – more than half of world's persons with disabilities don't have access to essential services| | war and destruction, unhealthy living conditions, absence of knowledge about disability, its causes, prevention and treatment are factors that account for the rising number of and social exclusion of persons with disabilities| | – there is a clear link between poverty and disability| | | | | | | | | | | Historical dates| | | | | | 1817 – the American School for the Deaf, the first permanent school for the deaf in America, is founded in Hartford, Connecticut (USA)| | 1829 – Louis Braille invents the raised point alphabet that has come to be known as Braille| | 1848 – the first residential institution for people with mental retardation is founded by Samuel Gridley Howe in Boston (USA)| | 869 – the first wheelchair patent is registered with the U. S. Patent Office| | 1920s – first vocational rehabilitation programs to provide services to WWI veterans with disabilities| | 1948 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by UN General Assembly| | 1962 – Ed Roberts, quadriplegic paralyzed from the neck down due to childhood polio, achieves admission to the University of California at Berkeley (USA), a victory during the 1960s disability movement. | | 1971 – Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons| | 1973 – the first handicap parking stickers are introduced in Washington, D. C. (USA)| | 1975 – Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons| | 976 – passage of an amendment to Higher Education Act of 1972 in the USA provides services to physically disabled students entering college| | 1979 – the U. S Olympic Committee organizes its Handicapped in Sports Committee| | 1981 – UN General Assembly proclaims 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons| | 1982 – UN General Assembly adopts the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons| | 1983 – ILO Convention (159) on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons)| | 1983-1992 – Decade for Disabled Persons| | 1992 – UN General Assembly proclaims that 3 December every year be observed as the International Day of Disabled Persons| | 993 – UN General Assembly adopts the UN Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities| | 1993-2002 – Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons| | 1994 – First Special Rapporteur on Disability, Bengt Lindqvist appointed| | 2000-2009 – African Decade of Disabled Persons| | 2003 – European Year of People with Disabilities| | 2003-2012 – Arab Decade of Disabled Persons | | 2007 – UN General Assembly adopts the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities| | | | | | | | | | | This guide was developed by Anna Langenbach. 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